.
Uses of the Rose
Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture
of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed
petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for
cooking, cosmetics, medicine and in religious practices. The production
technique originated in Persia then spread through Arabia and India, and
more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany,
damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used.
In other parts of the world Rosa centifolia is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and l-citronellol and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of alkanes, which separates from rose oil. β-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.
Rose
hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and marmalade, or are
brewed for tea, primarily for their
high vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce Rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.
Rosa canina hips
Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea, or combined with other herbs to make tisanes.
In France there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the United States, this French rose syrup is used to make rose scones and marshmallows.
Rose flowers are used as food, also usually as flavouring or to add their scent to food. Other minor uses include candied rose petals.
Rose creams (rose flavoured fondant covered in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
Medicine
The rose hip, usually from R. canina is used as a minor source of Vitamin C. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement. Many roses have been used in herbal and folk medicines. Rosa chinensis has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth.
Roses
are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on
stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg born
Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté is known for his
detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The Rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works.
Primary Uses: The leaves and flowers are used as an eyewash. A tea of the flowers is taken to reduce high fevers and rubbed on the limbs for the same purpose. Used especially for children. The powdered flowers are applied to fever blisters and cold sores.
Secondary uses: Rosewater is applied to the face and neck to cool and tone the skin. The leaves and flowers are made into a strong tea and gargled to relieve sore throats and throat pain from heartburn, indigestion or vomiting. The aromatic flowers, steamed in water, make the air fragrant after cooking food or smoking tobacco
Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. They also have minor medicinal uses.
The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as Rosa sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.[5] Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having mutated into additional petals.
In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
A few species and hybrids are grown for non-floral ornamental use. Among these are those grown for prominent hips, such as the flagon shaped hips of Rosa moyesii. Sometimes even the thorns can be treated as an attraction or curiosity, such as with Rosa sericea.
Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in glasshouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pests and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.
The genus Rosa is subdivided into four subgenera:
Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from southwest Asia, R. persica and Rosa berberifolia which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.
Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.
Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii.
Rosa (the type subgenus) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
Banksianae - white and yellow flowered roses from China.
Bracteatae - three species, two from China and one from India.
Caninae - pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
Carolinae - white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
Chinensis - white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-color roses from China and Burma.
Gallicanae - pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
Gymnocarpae - one species in western North America (Rosa gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
Laevigatae - a single white flowered species from China
Pimpinellifoliae - white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) - white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
Synstylae - white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from South east Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes.[4] Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
The
aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip.
Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are
so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The
hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia)
have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy
layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry
single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but
stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa
canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among
the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating
birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in
their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
Rose thorns are actually prickles - outgrowths of the epidermis.
While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are technically prickles — outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). (True thorns, as produced by e.g. Citrus or Pyracantha, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself.) Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
Uses of the Rose
As Perfume
Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture
of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed
petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for
cooking, cosmetics, medicine and in religious practices. The production
technique originated in Persia then spread through Arabia and India, and
more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany,
damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used.In other parts of the world Rosa centifolia is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and l-citronellol and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of alkanes, which separates from rose oil. β-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.
Rose-y Food and Drink
Rose
hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and marmalade, or are
brewed for tea, primarily for their high vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce Rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.
Rosa canina hips
[continued - click "Read more," below left]
Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea, or combined with other herbs to make tisanes.
In France there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the United States, this French rose syrup is used to make rose scones and marshmallows.
Rose flowers are used as food, also usually as flavouring or to add their scent to food. Other minor uses include candied rose petals.
Rose creams (rose flavoured fondant covered in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
Medicine
The rose hip, usually from R. canina is used as a minor source of Vitamin C. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement. Many roses have been used in herbal and folk medicines. Rosa chinensis has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth.
Arts of the Rose
 |
| Roses in a Vase, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir |
Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The Rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works.
Medicinal
Source: Los Remedios Traditional Herbal Remedies
of the Southwest (p.73) by Michael Moore ©1990
Rosa de Castilla rosa spp.Primary Uses: The leaves and flowers are used as an eyewash. A tea of the flowers is taken to reduce high fevers and rubbed on the limbs for the same purpose. Used especially for children. The powdered flowers are applied to fever blisters and cold sores.
Secondary uses: Rosewater is applied to the face and neck to cool and tone the skin. The leaves and flowers are made into a strong tea and gargled to relieve sore throats and throat pain from heartburn, indigestion or vomiting. The aromatic flowers, steamed in water, make the air fragrant after cooking food or smoking tobacco
As Ornamental Plants
Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. They also have minor medicinal uses.
The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as Rosa sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.[5] Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having mutated into additional petals.
In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
A few species and hybrids are grown for non-floral ornamental use. Among these are those grown for prominent hips, such as the flagon shaped hips of Rosa moyesii. Sometimes even the thorns can be treated as an attraction or curiosity, such as with Rosa sericea.
As Cut Flowers
Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in glasshouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pests and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.
General Botany
Species
The genus Rosa is subdivided into four subgenera:
Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from southwest Asia, R. persica and Rosa berberifolia which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.
Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.
Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii.
Rosa (the type subgenus) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
Banksianae - white and yellow flowered roses from China.
Bracteatae - three species, two from China and one from India.
Caninae - pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
Carolinae - white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
Chinensis - white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-color roses from China and Burma.
Gallicanae - pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
Gymnocarpae - one species in western North America (Rosa gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
Laevigatae - a single white flowered species from China
Pimpinellifoliae - white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) - white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
Synstylae - white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
Leaves and Petals
The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from South east Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes.[4] Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
Fruit
The
aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip.
Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are
so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The
hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia)
have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy
layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry
single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but
stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa
canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among
the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating
birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in
their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.Rose thorns are actually prickles - outgrowths of the epidermis.
Prickles --Part of the "Skin"
While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are technically prickles — outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). (True thorns, as produced by e.g. Citrus or Pyracantha, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself.) Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
Principle Article Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose
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See Also Related Articles:
Rose Water - http://forayinthegreen.blogspot.com/2013/06/rose-water-diy.html
Rose Petal Jam - http://forayinthegreen.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_2.html
Miranda Kerr Reveals The Secret To Her Pregnancy Glow: Rose Hip Oil: http://forayinthegreen.blogspot.com/2013/06/by-kristin-booker-it-kind-of-makes.html
Rose Hips Recipes - http://forayinthegreen.blogspot.com/2013/06/gather-rose-hips-for-health.html
How to Make Essential Oils - http://forayinthegreen.blogspot.com/2013/06/how-to-make-essential-oils.html
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